The Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms - 1386 Words

Firstly, through my observations of the different courts it was evident the administration of justice is done in due time, and the process is not expedited without an outstanding reason as it can lead to misguided verdict. Furthermore, the criminal trial process in our society focuses on equality and promotes this principle by entitling an accused of even the most heinous crimes to civil liberties and processes as not to compromise the criminal trial process. A fair trial is an intrinsic right of all members of society making it fundamental to our being, and is ergo ensured to us all under s.11 of the Canadian Charter of Rights Freedoms. Provided with other preemptive measures to guarantee justice is achieved in the criminal trial proceedings. Additionally, the courts help facilitate an understanding of the legal process as to help the accused and their families be prepared in their defence. As well as providing an impartial and competent assessment in all stages of the trial proces s. Through my observations of all three courts, it was plain that all players present in the courtroom were there to administer justice and maintain the equity of our society. By providing a competent and impartial governing body to conduct the trial, but also by doing so: in a timely and thorough manner, while protecting the accused’s inherent rights, and by educating those partaking in the process as well as making educated decisions themselves. In all the cases I observed at the ElginShow MoreRelatedThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1617 Words   |  7 Pages Since its inception in 1982 the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, very much like its primary architect Pierre Trudeau, has been one of the most celebrated yet controversial elements of Canadian politics and governance. Revealing how this dynamic emerged requires a nuanced understanding of the motivation behind the Charter and the techniques it employed to succeed. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, like the entire patriation process, was motivated by and mobilized support throughRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1613 Words   |  7 Pages The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms simply referred to as the â€Å"Charter†, is a significant document in regards to the Canadian constitution. Its primary aim is to uphold individual rights and freedoms and promote equality in administering justice. However, its passage in 1982 has led to increased controversies given that the Charter gives courts more power in interpreting its provisions while sidelining the legislature (Boyd 118). This means that the advent of this Charter was the end ofRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms840 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is an important milestone in Canadian history. An effort through rigorous debate and compromise gave birth to this document that defines our collective values and principles by guaranteeing and protecting the fundamental rights of its citizens. Prior to the Charter, there was no gurantee in Canada that rights and freedoms would not be taken away by legislation. T he Charter also allows courts to render the constitutional duty so that any decisions made areRead MoreCanadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1888 Words   |  8 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms protects the rights of Canadian citizens and provides them with assurance that all Canadians will be treated equally under the law. The Charter claims to guarantee rights and freedoms, fundamental freedoms, democratic rights, mobility rights, equality rights, language rights, legal rights, and enforcement rights, and Aboriginal rights. Although the Charter claims to guarantee the rights and freedoms of Canadian citizens, the government is still able toRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1258 Words   |  6 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was established in 1982 and was put into place by the Trudeau government. The purpose of the Charter was to protect the rights of Canadian individuals and to establish independence from Britain. However, o ne section of the charter sparked much controversy, this was section 33, also known as The Notwithstanding Clause. The purpose of this clause was to allow the state to override a right protected by the charter, for various reasons. These reasons includeRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1531 Words   |  7 PagesBasing the Basics on a Belief in Something Bigger The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, implemented in 1982 outlines the rights and freedoms that Canadians have as citizens of this country. In this paper I will ask whether we need such a charter, whether we can trust the interpretation of the Charter by the Supreme Court and how the Charter balances power in a democratic way. I will then contemplate the foundational place morality holds in the lawmaking process. In all of this I argue thatRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Right And Freedom1225 Words   |  5 Pagescriminal and family justice system has become very complicated, slow and extremely expensive for majority of Canadians. These issues are particularly glaring to low income earners, people with disabilities and other minorities. Canadian justice system have become incapable of providing solutions that can addressing problems brought to it. With the creation of the Canadian charter of right and freedom, access to justice became more of an equality issue. It moved fro m simply being the capacity to litigateRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms(CCORAF) Guarantees a Free and Democratic Society The Charter of Rights and Freedoms upholds the individual rights of all Canadians. Agree or disagree with the following statement. The Charter is part of Canada’s constitution; the highest law of Canada, which sets out the framework for how Canada is to be governed. The CCORAF sets out those rights and freedoms that Canadians feel are necessary to maintain Canada as a free and democratic community. The CharterRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms883 Words   |  4 PagesRainbow Nation of South Africa in 1994, the first democratically elected government was tasked with drawing up a new constitution that would properly enshrine the human rights that had so long been denied the majority of citizens. One source drawn upon in developing the new constitution was the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, itself then little more than a decade old. It is not necessary to be a constitutional scholar to detect many similarities between the two; indeed, Canada’s pride in thisRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms2016 Words   |  9 PagesFreedom of expression, set under sectio n 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, is one of Canada’s most valued rights in the bill of rights of the Constitution. It has paved the way for the society in which thirty-five million people reside today. With this level of influence and admiration, it is truly a fundamental right. However, many ground-breaking cases have illustrated the need to limit freedom of expression. A prime example is the landmark case that took place in 1990 surrounding

John Bowlbys Path to Developing the Attachment Theory Essay

What makes a human feel lost when away from their caretaker when they’re child? There are many different theories on this subject, but a well-known theory is the Attachment Theory written by John Bowlby in the mid-twentieth century. John Bowlby born on February 26, 1907, was a twentieth century psychologist who contributed too many modern day psychoanalytic theories. At a young age he hardly saw his mother due to the fact that she believed, like many other mothers at that time, affection and attention would lead to spoiling of the child. So he developed a deep attachment to his nanny since he never saw his mom. He suffered a loss when she left when he was four. Born in London, he grew raised in an upper-class family who sent him off to†¦show more content†¦He also developed an evolutionary theory called the theory of attachment. His main point of this was that children come are born biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others, because it will help them survive. Meaning that attachment behaviors are instinctive. He was very influenced by ethological theories. He also proposed that the fear of strangers represents an important survival mechanism, built by nature. Shown how babies display certain behaviors which help to ensure that they are close in proximity and contact to their mothers (ex: crying, smiling, and crawling). From these thoughts Bowlby hypothesized that both infants and mothers have evolved a biological need to stay in contact with each other. Another main point of his career is that there can be long term consequences of maternal deprivation. Some of the consequences in delinquency, reduced intelligence, increased aggression, depression, and affectionless psychopathy. Affectionless psychopathy is the inability to show concern for others. In 1944 he did a study in maternal deprivation to see if it could lead to juvenile delinquency, emotional difficulties, and antisocial behavior. His studies showed that more than ha lf of the juvenile thieves had been separated from their mothers during their first five years. He then concluded thatShow MoreRelatedAttachment And Loss Volume 11020 Words   |  5 PagesAttachment and Loss Volume 1 - Attachment John Bowlby, Pimlico, 1997 Attachment and Loss Volume 1 is part of a trilogy by John Bowlby (1907-1990) on seeking a theoretical formulation to attachment behaviour to explain the nature of the bonds between a child and its mother. John Bowlby sets out to â€Å"discuss the theoretical implications of some observations of how young children respond to temporary loss of mother†. He recognised that he would need to develop a theory of behaviour control using a scientificRead MoreDifferent Theories Of Development Throughout The Lifespan And Challenges Of The Characters Within The Movie, There Will Be Essay1826 Words   |  8 Pagesdifferent themes and theories of development throughout the lifespan and challenges of the characters within the movie â€Å"There Will Be Blood†. Although maturation was the theme held by many theorists in the past as the reason for development, modern developmentalist continue to study the development even though it confronts other significant themes. However, theories of development have varied over time as well as the approach taken by each of the developmental theorist. These theories have two functionsRead MoreThe Effects Of Parental Incarceration On Children3942 Word s   |  16 Pagesthat prison places on the martial relationship, it also has negative effects on parenting efficacy and child development. Based on qualitative and cross-sectional quantitative studies incarceration weakens parent-child bonds, leading to insecure attachment, diminished cognitive abilities, and weak relationships with peers. (Parke, R D, Clarke-Stewart). In an attempt to strengthen the bonds between child and the incarcerated parent I have developed several intervention programs designed to deal directly

Australia Free Essays

Ukraine-Russia conflict effect on global commodity prices. There are Domestic Economic Risks, Business Investment- Transition from large drop- off of committed investment. Exports- Project delays, delayed production ramp-up Labor Demand- Weaker labor market conditions from declining resources investment. We will write a custom essay sample on Australia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Housing- Growth will be weaker if dwelling investment does not recover strongly as forecast. Australia has an abundant and diverse range of energy resources. It has very large coal resources that underpin exports and low-cost domestic electricity production, ore than one third of the world’s known uranium resources, and substantial conventional gas and coal seam gas resources. These can support Australia’s domestic needs and exports for many years to come. Identified resources of crude oil, condensate and liquefied petroleum gas are more limited and Australia is increasingly reliant on imports for transport fuels. The expected advances in technology by 2030 will allow them to make a growing contribution to Australia’s future energy supply. By this time Australia’s energy consumption pattern is expected to change significantly. While fossil fuels (coal, oil and increasingly gas) will intention to dominate the energy mix, renewable energy sources, notably wind, are expected to become increasingly more significant. Korea is Australia’s fourth-largest trading partner, and Australia is Koreans seventh largest trading-partner, with trade volumes of approximately $30 billion in 2013, so it’s not surprising that both countries are trying to conclude a Korea-Australia Free Trade Agreement (FAT). Given the fact that the energy and resources sector accounts for nearly half of that, it will be particularly important for industry participants to understand the main opportunities that will arise once the FAT is finalized. Lion of iron ore and concentrates, $1. Billion of crude petroleum and $700 million of liquefied natural gas. Koreans largest export to Australia was refined petroleum, coming in at approximately $3 billion. Official estimates are that Australia provides approximately 75% of Koreans iron ore and around 40% of its coal. According to the Australian Government, the FAT could increase trade between the two countries by 23% by 2030, with 17% attributable to an increase in the tra de of energy and resources products. This FAT will improve Australia-Korea economic ties and will protect Post-crisis environment. How to cite Australia, Papers

Managing Research Business Challenges

Questions: 1. Critique the problem definition and research problem this research report addressed.2.What research design (exploratory, descriptive, causal, or some combination) was used and was this appropriate? Is this sufficient to address the research objectives, or would you suggest another design?3. Evaluate the secondary data provided in the report.4.Are the methods used to collect data (eg focus groups, questionnaires) sufficiently justified and described? What further information (if any) do you require? Answers: 1. The report highlights the importance of the family business in the current world and how they are able to face various business challenges. The author point out that the family businesses contribute to the economic growth of Australia considerably accounting for almost two thirds of the countrys economy. In a time when family business are facing critiques from the economic theorists who are arguing that family owned businesses are outdated in the current era and are will soon be defeated by new companies that embrace capitalism. The modern companies are embracing capitalism and talent in the industry to have maximum economic benefits. A midst the criticism that surround the family businesses the authors state that there is need for the problem on business been under looked to be addressed more broadly in relation to the business world. Many companies are exiting the market because of the climatic uncertainties in the business world. Through clearly stating the problem statement the author highlights the need for the research to be done now more than ever before. The statement interrogates the business world and how much its going to affect the family businesses. Owing to the characteristics of family businesses the reporter finds it necessary to address the issue more keenly to ensure that the family owned businesses dont quit the market just because of perceptive rumors that are not always true. He points out in the problem statement that originality is the main strength that keeps the family business in tact which is very unique in their field. In the problem statement the reason for the study is clearly justifi ed. 2. The report used several research designs to verify the information. Because most of the information about family businesses is historical, thus the report used an exploratory design to better understand the past information about the family businesses and even to create new ideas and assumptions. Secondary sources such as official company records are used to determine information about the running and performance of the companies. The design is best used in the report to highlight the research problem and how it will affect future researches. The use of exploratory design is important because it helped the reporter to note the trend in family businesses in Australia over the years. The design helped to create a familiarity with the situation and point out on areas of concern. With the background information gathered the reporter is able to interpret the research problem clearly. Using the archived information the reporter is able to create a base to analyze the problem and relate it to the current time creating an opportunity for future research in the same issue. The other design that was used in combination with exploratory design is the descriptive design method to answer the questions of how and what is happening in the business world. With descriptive design the reporter was able to observe the behavior of the subject in an unchanged environment. This design method gave a platform to better understand the Australian family businesses and to determine the key areas to research on. The reporter has also been able to gi ve recommendations on how to avoid an end to the family owned businesses. From the records in the report it shows that a lot of data was collected to give a clear understanding of the characteristics of the family owned businesses. 3. The report used several secondary sources to help in the research process. Considering the nature of the research it was best for the reporter to use secondary sources before including the primary sources in order to give background information to the research problem. The use of secondary sources necessitated the use of the primary sources. The reporter uses a lot of secondary sources to justify the reason why family businesses should not pass their leadership to non-family members. Using facts from previous researches the reporter is able to create a platform for conducting his research. The report uses past records on family businesses to compare data in order to be able to have qualitative and quantitative results. An instance is where the report uses data of how the family businesses will be affected through technology and how they will look in the future and the evolving governance mechanisms. From the records the reporter is able to customize his survey and interviews in a way that follows a certain pattern in the research that relates to the other existing reports on the same issue. Most of the research in the report has been driven by secondary sources because the research design used was exploratory in order to give a time line into report. 4. Several data collection methods were used in the report they include survey, focus groups and interviews. Survey gave a broader area for collection information from the wider population. Using questionnaires the report was able to have background information of the companies from the company owners themselves first hand through the opinions they presented. For instance the survey was conducted in 1700 family owned companies across Australia. With a lot of data it becomes easy to sort out information and get more accurate results from a study. Surveys give a better understanding of how the situation is like through a thorough check. The reporter also used focus groups and interviews of the company owners to make the results more valid. Although there is the use of interviews they are not justified in the report clearly. The report centers its report on surveys compared to interviews and focus groups hence creates the need to get information from interviews perspective. From the report the report has clearly justified the use of interviews in his conclusive analysis he refers to the findings from the survey and interviews conducted. The report uses percentages to give easily understandable figures from the research report. To better justify why the family businesses are important in the Australian society he uses the finding from the report to give the satisfaction rates and how the future of the family owned businesses will be like in the future given the different challenges that are making companies to exit business.

Hedda Gabler By Ibsen Essays - Hedda Gabler, Hedda, Henrik Ibsen

Hedda Gabler By Ibsen Henrik Ibsen portrays a microcosm of nineteenth century Norwegian society in his play Hedda Gabler. Hedda, the protagonist, exhibits a mixture of masculine and feminine traits due to her unique upbringing under General Gabler and the social mores imposed upon her. However, although this society venerates General Gabler because of his military status, his daughter Hedda is not tolerated due to her non-conformity to the accepted gender stereotypes. Hedda's gender-inverted marriage to Jorgan Tesman, her desire for power and her use of General Gabler's pistols are unacceptable in her society and motif of "One doesn't do such a thing!" that is alluded to during the play and expounded upon Hedda's death that shows that Hedda's uncertain stance between masculine and feminine gender roles and their associated traits is not tolerated by her society. Ibsen employs a reversal of traditional gender roles within Hedda and Jorgen Tesman's marriage to emphasises Hedda's masculine traits. Hedda displays no emotion or affection towards her husband Jorgen. This appearance of indifference is a trait that is usually common to men: Tesman - "My old morning shoes. My slippers look!...I missed them dreadfully. Now you should see them, Hedda." Hedda - "No thanks, it really doesn't interest me'. In another gender role reversal, Hedda displays a financial awareness, which her husband, Jorgen does not posses. Although Brack corresponds with Tesman about his honeymoon travels, he corresponds with Hedda concerning the financial matters. This is a role that is usually reserved for men. Hedda does not only display traits, which are definitively masculine, or feminine, she also objects to and often defies the conventions established for her gender by society. She rejects references to her pregnancy as a reminder of her gender: Tesman - "Have you noticed how plump (Hedda's) grown, and how well she is? How much she's filled out on our travels?" Hedda - "Oh be quiet!" Hedda is reminded not only of her feminine role of mother and nurturer here, but also as wife and "appendage" to Tesman: "And to think is was you who carried off Hedda Gabler! The lovely Hedda Gabler!...now that you have got the wife your heart was set on." As a woman of the haute bourgeoisie, Hedda is "sought after" and "always had so many admirers" and has been "acquired" by Tesman as hide wife. Hedda resents the gender conventions that dictate that she now "belongs" to the Tesman family - a situation that would not occur were she a man: Tesman - "Only it seems to me now that you belong to the family..." Hedda- " Well, I really don't know..." Although these traits displayed by Hedda are masculine, they are not those, which her society cannot tolerate. To entertain herself in her "boring" marriage she plays with her father's, General Gabler's, pistols: Hedda - "Sometimes I think I only have a talent for one thing...boring myself to death!" "I still have one thing to kill time with. My pistols, Jorgen. General Gabler's pistols" Jorgen - "For goodness' sake! Hedda darling! Don't touch those dangerous things! For my sake, Hedda!". These pistols are a symbol of masculinity and are associated with war, a pastime which women are excluded from other than in the nurturing role of nurses and are thus not tolerated by society. Tesman implores Hedda to cease playing with them, but even his "superior" position as her husband does not dissuade Hedda, who is found to be playing with them by Brack at the beginning of act two. Brack also reminds Hedda of the inappropriate nature of her "entertainment" and physically takes the pistols away from Hedda. Hedda - "I'm going to shoot you sir!" Brack - "No, no, no!...Now stop this nonsense!" [taking the pistol gently out of her hand]. If you don't mind, my dear lady....Because we're not going to play that game any more today." As a parallel to Hedda's masculine game of playing with General Gabler's pistols, Hedda plays the traditionally female role of a "minx" with Brack. Hedda - "Doesn't it feel like a whole eternity since we last talked to each other?" Brack - "Not like this, between ourselves? Alone together, you mean?" Hedda - "Yes, more or less that" Brack - "Here was I, every blessed day, wishing to goodness you were home again" Hedda - "And there was I, the whole time, wishing exactly the same" At the beginning of act two, Hedda encourages Brack's flirtation with her by telling him the true nature of her marriage to Tesman that it is a marriage of convenience: Brack

Curare essays

Curare essays 1. Woowara also known as curare is a white powder substance deriving from Surinam. Curare is an extremely lethal poison even in the smallest of quantities. Curare was used by the natives of Surinam to induce slow deaths those that wronged them in times before. This poison was used in a traditional sense, not only was it effective at terminating life, but a message of sincerity was sent. To drink with a person that had no reason to suspect there dosage then slip them the lethal drug. Just as they felt safe was all the sweeter revenge. Coincidentally enough Silas Deane died from some kind of poison. Also as queer Edward Bancroft was an expert on poisons and their symbolic meanings as shown by his studies and book of Guiana. 2. Captain John Smith was a writer that published his first book in 1624. Captain Smiths first book was called A generall historie of Virginia. Captain Smith wrote this book from first hand, eyewitness accounts. Smith did a lot of traveling when he signed on with the Virginia Company of London. As a writer Captain Smith wrote in great detail points out and expanding on sometimes non-important facts. The view smith wrote from came mainly from his state of mind, while the event was going on, this influenced his writing style greatly since his approach to describing events had not been used before. People had a problem understanding it. Early English settlers, despite all their differences, have one thing in common with todays Americans, they are skeptical of change. Like wise with captain Smiths writing style. This different causes people to ask about the legitimacy of his claims. Smith had a remarkable fast paced life. He started out as a soldier in center Europe. After being took prisoner, where he normally would have spent the rest of his life, he managed to escape with the help of a Greek princess. This is an example of the kind of stories captain smith wrote about....

United States - A superpower in decline Term Paper

United States - A superpower in decline - Term Paper Example Global media is abuzz with news, opinions and predictions on the decline of the US, and there are innumerable ‘foretellers’ assuming the rise of other would-be superpowers, especially China. Theories of world domination by emerging economies have always been around, however, it is yet to be seen if the superpower status of the US actually caves in. Are US powers really declining? The answers to this question are extremely elusive especially in light of the fact that even after severe economic crises in the past, the US has successfully bounced back to stable conditions, retaining its economic and political dominance. This paper attempts to analyze the current status of economic and military power of the US, in order to investigate the ‘assumed’ decline of the power of this nation. The present economic situation in the US, the extreme debt crisis topped with public protests such as Occupy Wall Street demonstrate the gravity of the U.S situation. Most economists worldwide have even gone to the extent of analogizing it to the Great Depression. It is believed that the present crisis will consume the nation and that it is a harbinger of the US downfall from power. Although the US economy is currently under recovery, the percentage decline in median annual household income is greater than it was during the previous recession. The decline in income during the period of recession from 2007 – 2009 was 3.2%, which increased to 6.7% by June 2011 (Berman). Lack of growth in income coupled with the sluggish job growth has marred the U.S’s once enviable job market. It is in fact feared that the US will trip back into another recession. In another major drawback, the US lost its AAA credit rating, downgrading it to AA+ status. As the dollar is under threat and the US debt burden mounts up, it is speculated that within a decade or so, China, with a GDP growth rate of 9.8% as of 2010, will outgrow the US, whose GDP growth rate is only 3.10% (World Bank). The Chinese Yuan may replace the US dollar as the world’s reserve currency. This scenario reminds of earlier predictions in the 1980s when it was foretold that Japan would be a superpower, which however did not come true. This proves the inconsistency and fallibility of such predictions. However, the avowal that the US economic and military power is in decline, stands true, as will be discussed in the following sections. 2. The US Economy Economy is a major determinant of world power and the size of the economy influences its position in the world market. The US economy is analyzed here, in terms of growth, export, import, innovation, natural resources and trade. 2.1 Growth The annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate is a major indicator of economic growth. The US economy is the largest in the world, followed by China and Japan. The GDP growth rate of the US was documented as 1.6% in the third quarter of 2011 (tradingeconomics.com). The GDP growth rate of China is far higher, at 9.1%. The GDP growth rates of other major economies of the world, such as India, Germany, Canada, France, Australia, UK and Japan were 7.7%, 2.7%, 2.2%, 1.6%, 1.1%, 0.5% and -1%, respectively, in the third quarter of 2011. As is evident, China has the highest GDP growth rate and India is not far behind. The US GDP growth rate is despairingly low, falling from 3.10 to 1.6%. Therefore, in terms of economic growth, the economy of the US is seemingly in decline. As for the prediction that the Chinese economy will soon become the world’

Tate Modern Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tate Modern Building - Essay Example However, Herzog and De Meuron a small Swiss firm won the honor of building the Tate Modern. The main reason they won was that their proposal wanted to retain much of the essential character of the building. The power station consisted of a huge turbine hall, thirty-five metres high and 152 metres long, parallel to it is the boiler house. The turbine hall has become a dramatic entrance area with ramped access, plus exhibit for large sculptural projects. The boiler house became the galleries, and are on three levels running the full length of the building. The galleries are in separate but linked blocks called suites, and on either side of the escalators. The Tate collection of modern art is displayed on two of the gallery floors, the third is devoted to temporary exhibitions. To the original roofline of the power station Herzog and De Meuron added a two-storey galls penthouse called a light beam. The top level of this houses a caf-restaurant with stunning views of the river and the City. The lower levels are members room with terraces on both sides of the building. The chimney is capped by a colored light, known as the swiss light, feature designed by the artist Michael Craig-Martin. The penthouse light beam and the Swiss Light mark the presence of Tate Modern for many miles. There are two basic views of the public environment: that the city s... hat district we are talking about is as follows: To place building relative to the street, have the doors relative to the sidewalk- are they convenient and frequent enough to support the type of activity desired on the street- and the architectural scale should have two components: the building should have a level of detail, variety and material quality that makes human interaction pleasant, and the building should compliment the character of neighboring structures. There is a very little difference that unites post-modernism but the rejection of strict modernism. Post-modernism represents a break-down in the modernist consensus and an opening of the door to different approaches to design. The hope of post-modernism lies in the sense of new possibilities combined with a willingness to learn from past architectural achievements. The problem is that it might become a self-enclosed culture of competing in- groups arguing about the use of smart historical references that no one else can understand or even see. An eye to publicity and self- promotion would not replace fundamental rethinking of the relations between architecture and society that includes the community and the users of the buildings as a vital part of the process of design. ( Modern Architecture,4) Basic Facts The total cost of construction was 134 million pounds. The construction manager: Schal, a division of Carillion plc. The architects were Herzog & De Meuron, Jacques Herzog, Pierre de Meuron, Harry Gugger and Christine Binswanger. The project and construction date was from 1995 to 2000. The site area: 3.43 Ha. The total floor area: 34, 500 square meters. The Tate Modern has a special exhibition suite of 1,300 m, an auditorium that seats 240 people, 2 cafes, 3 shops of 500, 300, and 150 square meters,

Plato and the Sophists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Plato and the Sophists - Essay Example triad of philosophers beginning with Socrates, often called the father of classical philosophy, followed by his student Plato who in turn was followed by his student Aristotle. Between the three of them they shaped classical Greek thought and the way of life which became a model of inspiration for generations to come. Socrates, who was one among the group of Sophists, is generally considered to be the wisest and noblest Athenian, whose thoughts were always concerned with ways of improving public life and who well knew that in order to lead a life of goodness, man must stay away from public office. Plato in his Apology quotes Socrates as saying that â€Å"The true champion of justice, if he intends to survive even for a short time, must necessarily confine himself to private life and leave politics alone.† This could be the reason why Socrates shied away from holding any public office and instead devoted his whole life to the â€Å"supreme art of philosophy† and taught it to willing students without any monetary gains. He was the only one of the philosophers, who lived the life he preached. Socrates became so popular that his advice was sought on matters ranging from social conduct to solving the most mundane problems. But in 399 BC Socrates was charged "as an evil-doer and curious p erson, searching into things under the earth and above the heavens; and making the worse appear the better cause, and teaching all this to others" (Plato) and was eventually given the death sentence on charges of impiety. Socrates has often been called the gadfly of Athens because of his ceaseless pursuit of truth. Plato, one of the most famous students of Socrates is famous for his work ‘The Republic’ which is generally considered a text for a perfect society. In this book Plato argues about knowledge and reality and makes reality an offshoot of our thinking process. In Platos argument’s there is a higher reality called ‘Forms’ which is unchanging and universal and it is

Traditional Costing Methods vs Activity Based Costing (ABC)

Traditional Costing Methods vs Activity Based Costing (ABC) In this report I will attempt to discover whether it is feasible as a company to change the Traditional methods of costing we currently use to the more modern Activity Based Costing methods, looking at the benefits and drawbacks of changing and whether it is worth implementing these new costing methods to our company as a whole. Introduction / Background As a small local engineering firm we currently use the Traditional costing method where we apportion Production overheads on the basis of direct labour hours. Does this give a fair and accurate representation of the true cost of expenditure each product consumes or should we as a company convert to the Activity Based Costing system or ABC as I will refer to it from here in, where we first assigns costs to the activities that are the real cause of the overhead and then assign the cost of those activities only to the products that are actually demanding the activities. Would this give a fair and more realistic look at the way we cost jobs. In this report I will look at both methods and determine whether we as a company should change the way we cost our jobs and if we do change to the ABC method of costing, what the conditions are of implementing this to us. Traditional Costing Methods Currently we adopt the more traditional way of apportioning our production overheads which involves the overhead rate being calculated using direct labour hours, machine hours, or units, in our case using direct labour hours. The advantages of using this system are: Simplicity the calculation of overhead rates is relatively straightforward; They are widely understood in business; They are not expensive to operate; Until the late 1980s they were seen as fairly accurate; They are still being used after many decades. The weaknesses of traditional costing systems are: Their reliance on arbitrary rather than cause-and-effect allocation of overheads; Their inability to give accurate product costs in multiproduct companies; Their failure to analyze non-manufacturing costs. (Traditional costing system. A Dictionary of Business and Management. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 19 Nov. 2010 . ) Currently using the traditional method of cost accounting we are allocating the factorys indirect costs to the items manufactured on the basis of direct labour hours, By using only labour hours to allocate the manufacturing overhead to products, we are implying that the labour hours are the underlying cause of the factory overhead. Traditionally, that may have been sufficient for the companys external financial statements. However, in recent decades the manufacturing overhead has been caused by many other factors. For example, some customers are likely to demand additional manufacturing operations for their products. Other customers simply want great quantities of product. If we want to know the true cost to produce specific products for specific customers, the traditional method of cost accounting is inadequate. ABC was developed to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional method. Instead of just one costing such as labour hours, ABC will use many costings to allocate our indirect costs. A few of the costings that would be used under ABC include the number of machine setups, the pounds of material purchased or used, the number of engineering change orders, the number of machine hours, and so on. So do we continue to use this system because it is simple to use and has been used for decades or do we want a more accurate analysis and breakdown of the way we allocate costs. Activity Based Costing (ABC) Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is an Information System developed in the 1980s to overcome some of the limitations of traditional cost accounting and to enhance its usefulness to strategic decision-making. ABC systems are designed and implemented on the premise that products consume activities, activities consume resources and resources consume costs (Sprow, 1992). ABC systems assign costs to activities based on their consumption of resources, and then activity costs are assigned to products or services in proportion to a selected measure of their individual workloads (Anderson, 1993; p. 7). ABC systems examine all processes (or activities) that are actually relevant to the production of a product and attempt to determine exactly what portion of each resource is consumed i.e. which activity a particular product uses. (M. Gupta, K. Galloway / Technovation 23 (2003) 131-138) Why the need for ABC, you may ask; Nowadays managers are facing global competition and increased productivity in new manufacturing environments. Companies attempt to become customer focused and concentrate on quality products at competitive prices. Under these circumstances, many firms are interested in determining various costs more accurately with the objective to integrate manufacturing and marketing strategies. Various costing systems are used to provide an increased accuracy about product costs, product mix, pricing and other investment decision- makings. Some experiences reveal that the distortion in reported product costs and, in turn, product pricing could be reduced by using activity-based costing (ABC) (A. Gunasekaran, M. Sarhadil Int. J. Production Economics 56-57 (1998) 231-242) What are the benefits then of this new and modern way of costing, is it really the way forward for us. It wont eliminate costs but it will give us detailed information about the way we are consuming them, thus helping us to isolate problem areas with the view to rectifying why the costs are so high in these areas. ABC costing is a good tool where different customers require different needs. Its an unwritten rule respected by many in the business world that you generally treat your best customers the best. The problem is, do you really know who your best customers are, or do you think you know? The majority of business people have the false perception that the best customer is the one that accounts for the largest portion of your income every year. This is not always the case for the simple reason that the same customer may be responsible for the biggest part of your expenses also. Studies have shown that 20% of all customers virtually provide all the profits of a company. Another 60% break even and the remaining 20% only reduce the bottom line. Wouldnt it be nice if you had the names of that 20% of headache-inducing customers that are literally more trouble than theyre worth? To determine how much a customer is costing you, you must first identify the activities that relate to each customer and determine the total cost absorbed by those activities. These activities or c ost drivers should be considered then to measure the level of activity absorbed by each customer. The ultimate purpose of implementing ABC is to separate these activities into individual cost drivers. Then, all you have to do is measure each customers participation in the specific cost. (The ABC Portal is  © 2002 Offtech Computing Pty Ltd.) So with our customers needs being different in terms of specific shelters and designs we could cost jobs more accurately to each customer. Looking at the draw backs to the ABC costing system, we would have to take into account the data collection process for this new system could prove to be very time consuming along with the capital expenditure on this new system and its subsequent running costs. Employee resistance must also be taken into account. This is a major obstacle in implementation of an ABC system. Such resistance is natural as the most common objective is to give a reduction in overhead costs, and in almost all circumstances this could result in a reduction in personnel. So to break it down the advantages and disadvantages of ABC are; The main advantages: Assesses costs of individual activities, based on their use of resources Enables accurate costing of all activities to be obtained throughout an organisation. Easy to identify where high (and low) costs are being incurred and the cause. A valuable tool for both business and process improvement Helps with future product planning e.g. the cost of all activities associated with a product or service can be accurately determined before it is launched. This can then help with determining pricing, and any associated expenditure. Disadvantages include: It may be difficult to set up and establish, particularly if an organisation is using more traditional accounting methodologies. (barriers to change) Can be time consuming if all activities are to be costed May provide too much detail obscuring the bigger picture. Can lead to employee and possible management disharmony.

Toni Morrisons Sula - Female Struggle for Identity Essay -- Sula Ess

The Female Struggle for Identity in Sula   Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel Sula by Toni Morrison exemplifies the new feminist literature described by Helene Cixous in "The Laugh of the Medusa" because of the final portrayal of the two main characters Nel and Sula.   However, it is clear throughout the novel that both Cixous's and Gilbert and Gubar's descriptions of women characters are evident within this novel.   The traditional submissive woman figure paradoxically is set against the new woman throughout the novel.   It is unclear whether the reader should love or despise Sula for her independence until the very last scene.   Although both the perspectives of Cixous and Gilbert/Gubar are evident within the text, ultimately it is the friendship of the two women that prevails and is deemed most important.   This prevailing celebration of womanhood in all of its dualistic and mysterious aspects is exactly what Cixous pushes women writers to attempt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First there is the presence of the old stereotypical woman character, a woman split between the conventional and nontraditional roles of women.   No differences are apparent initially between Morrison's Sula and any other women's literature in the past.   Women are depicted either as docile servants to men, like Nel, or ball-busting feminist monsters like Sula.   The hidden aspect of the novel lies underneath these stereotypical surface roles, in the incomprehensible and almost inappropriate bond of the two women.   In the final scene of Sula, Nel comes to the realization that the emptiness inside her is due to the loss of Sula, not Jude (Morrison 174).   Her friendship with Sula is all that matters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The development of a feminist reading from the perspective of Gilbert and Gubar... ... but instead reunites the two women's spirits.   "We was girls together," Nel says, and it becomes clear the importance of this revelation to her.   She cries "circles and circles of sorrow" for the lost itme between herself and Sula (Morrison 174).   Perhaps she also cries for a whole history of lost women seperated by societal functioning and a world built my men.    Works Cited   Cixous, Helene. "The Laugh of the Medusa."   The Critical Condition: Classic Texts and Contemporary Trends.   Ed. David H. Richter.   Boston:   Bedford Books, 1998. 1453- 66.   Gilbert, Sarah M. and Gubar, Susan.   "From the Infection in the Sentence: The Woman Writer and the Anxiety of Authorship."   The Critical Condition: Classic Texts andContemporary Trends.  Ã‚   Ed. David H. Richter.   Boston: Bedford Books, 1998.   1361-74.   Morrison, Toni.   Sula.   New York:   Plume Printing, 1982.

History of Accounting

Accounting has a history that is usually discussed in terms of one seminal event- the invention and dissemination of the double entry bookkeeping processes. Paul Garner and Atsuo Tsuji (1995) report that the first printed treatise of bookkeeping in the world is the Summa de Arithemetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita written by Luca Pacioli. The treatise was published in Venice in 1494, and was reprinted at Toscolano in 1523. This work is one of the most important books on mathematics and has had an enormous impact on the field of accounting ever since. The Treatise 11 of Section 9 of this book – that is, â€Å"particulars de Coputis et Scripturis,† is a treatise about double entry bookkeeping. The system of bookkeeping that Luca Pacioli described first introduced the practice and theory that had developed in commercial cities in Italy, particularly in Venice. Pacioli wrote in the first chapter of his treatise, â€Å"We will here adopt the method employed in Venice which among others is certainly to be recommended, for with it one can carry with any other method†. Pacioli was born in Borgo San Sepolcro, lived in Venice and became the tutor of the three sons of a rich merchant, Antonio de Rompiasi. It seems that he could have had the chance to see the account books of the Venetian merchants and to study the method of double entry bookkeeping in Venice. The bookkeeping system that Luca Pacioli has several distinct characteristics: 1. Pacioli wrote that there are three things needed by one who wished to carry on business diligently. The most important of these is cash or any other substantial power. The second is a good accountant and a sharp bookkeeper. The third is good order in order to arrange all business to debit and credit. 2. Pacioli explained the opening inventory, but he did not describe the closing inventory. 3. Pacioli’s account book system is three account books- that is, a day book. The day book is the first book, the journal is the second book and the ledger is the third book. Pacioli thought of the day book as the formal account book, because he wrote that the day book must be presented to a certain mercantile office. 4. All things pertaining to a transaction must be written in the day book, without omission. Pacioli wrote that no point must be omitted in the day book. 5. Pacioli described debit and credit- that is, â€Å"per† and â€Å"A† in the journal, and â€Å"die have re† in the ledger. However, any view of accounting history that begins with Luca Pacioli’s contributions will overlook a long evolution of accounting systems in ancient and medieval times. In attempting to explain why double entry bookkeeping developed in 15th century Italy instead of ancient Greece or Rome, accounting scholar A. C. Littleton describes seven â€Å"key ingredients† which led to its creation. -Private Property: The power to change ownership, because bookkeeping is concerned with recording the facts about property rights. -Capital: Wealth productively employed, because otherwise commerce would be trivial and credit would not exist. -Commerce: The interchange of goods on a widespread level, because purely local trading in small volume would not create the sort of press of business needed to spur the creation of an organized system to replace the existing hodgepodge of record-keeping. -Credit: The present use of future goods, because there would have been little impetus to record transactions completed on the spot. – Writing: A mechanism for making a permanent record in a common language, given the limits of human memory. – Money: The â€Å"common denominator† for exchange, since there is no need for bookkeeping except as it reduces transactions to a set of monetary values. – Arithmetic: A method of computing the monetary details of the deal. Many of these factors did not exist in ancient times, but, until the Middle Ages, they were not found together in a form and strength necessary to push man to the innovation of double entry. Writing, for example, is as old as civilization itself, but arithmetic- the systematic manipulation of number symbols- was really not a tool possessed by the ancients. Rather, the persistent use of Roman numerals for financial transactions long after the introduction of Arabic numeration appears to have constrained the earlier creation of double-entry systems.

buy custom Persuading an Audience essay

buy custom Persuading an Audience essay Persuading an audience is a very critical issue in life. This can be through writing, speaking or using signs. According to Adams Article, it is important to consider the type of language to use when writing cover letters to a company. For instance, a well-established company may pay attention to a well-presented cover letter. The language should be understandable and straight to the point. This point is also stressed through the Article In Pictures. This article provides that people should try to follow specific guidelines when writing their cover letters. For example, the first sentence should contain your mutual contact name. She identifies that one can relate desires of the job to life experience. The next step can be making a brief description of an individuals career in that sequence. This will give the concerned company a feeling that the person to employ may be competent enough to carry out the duties. On the other hand, Covino identifies specific elements of persuasion through dialogue means. He believes that persuasive instance can involve complex interactions of intentions, premises, assumptions, experiences and beliefs. For example, beaver rejected to put on a suit because he had made an agreement with his friends not to wear suits and ties during a banquet occasion. In this context, his parents did not succeed in persuading him to wear the suit. Since they understood the meaning, they carried the suit. Latter Beaver realized it was important and agreed to his parents persuasion. The weather condition and business advertisement are other areas that require persuasive skills. His audiences in this article are listeners whom the speaker must convince by use of an excellent persuasive language. Both articles talk about persuading an audience using different skills. In this context, Adams article deals with writing skills and Covino on his part is dealing with persuasion by use of speaking skills. All the aspects discussed by both the writers relate to emotional appeals, credibility appeals together with logic and evidence appeals. Buy custom Persuading an Audience essay

Revamping Social Security essays

Revamping Social Security essays Running head: Revamping Our Future Social Security Revamping Our Future Social Security Tax System This paper will discuss the current United States Social Security Tax system, the purpose of that system and our goal for selecting this topic. Also, it will explain our analysis of it's current standing, different idea's about what to change in our current standing to secure and guarantee a strong future for it. We will conclude by recommending the best course to accomplish this goal. Current U.S.A. Social Security Tax System 4 Graph: Social Security Tax Increases 9 Current U.S.A. Social Security Tax System Social Security has been around for more than 60 years. It has been an important part of American life. It was created in 1935 shortly after the great depression. Social Security was created to be a protection for the American people against the hazards of unemployment, old age, and ill health. Today Social Security not only provides minimum protection for the retired worker, it also provides benefits for workers and their families due to death of a family wage earner or loss of income due to disability. Today there are about 150 million workers who are protected by social security, more than 44 million receive retirement, survivors and disability benefits form social security. American wage earners and their families are protected by social security and they pay taxes to help make the system work. There are two philosophies Social Security bases its payments on. First, the system is designed so that there is a link between how much a wage earner pays into the system and how much he or she will receive in benefits. For example, a high wage earner will receive more benefits while a low wage earner will receive less. Second, a base for economic security is provided by the Social Security system. Social Security provides a valuable package of retirement, disability and survivors insurance, wh...

CRJS471IP4 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CRJS471IP4 - Research Paper Example Coronary heart disease deteriorates one’s health by narrowing the arteries because of gradual build-up of fatty material within the walls. Eventually, enough oxygen-rich blood is not adequately delivered into the heart. Again, if a piece of atheroma breaks off from the arteries, there will be blood clot and blockage. In the event that the coronary artery is blocked and the supply of the oxygen-rich blood gets to the heart muscle, the heart may become permanently damaged. This is commonly known as heart attack (WHO, 2014 a). Stroke affects human health by interfering with the supply of blood to part of the brain, so that the brain is deprived of oxygen and needed nutrients. Brain cells also become damaged and die. Stroke also subjects the human body to weaknesses, clumsiness and paralysis, disturbed vision, cognitive difficulties and incontinence, among other health drawbacks. There are several risk factors that cause of these deaths as shall be seen in the discussion that follows. For one, the chief cause of lung cancer in Germany is the rise of consumption of tobacco. Similarly, the commonest causes of coronary heart disease are unhealthy eating habits and the consumption of junk food, smoking and a rise in sedentary lifestyles. The same case applies to stroke (WHO, 2014 b). Whether Germany has had recent outbreaks will depend on how the word recent is qualified. If the word recent means a time frame not exceeding five years, then the answer will be in the affirmative. This is because, in 2009, Germany had a swine flu

Analyzing results of operations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzing results of operations - Case Study Example e is lower in the previous case because it includes the income from taxation, revenues from institutions, rights and privileges, income from dividend, interest, rent and other investments, federal grants and contracts and other income. But in the second case, it includes more details factors other than those mentioned above and these are individual and fiduciary income, corporate income, sales and use, motor vehicle sales and use, motor fuel, premiums of insurance companies, income from selling of alcoholic beverages, income from tobacco products, public service corporations, excise duty on beer and beverages, bank stock, other taxes, wine and spirit, grants and contributions. Thus it can be seen that the government-wide statement of activities has included more detailed factors of income and thus the changes in revenue is higher in the statement. The net change in fund balances is $125585 thousands and change in net position in govt.-wide statement is $ 1060089 thousands. The change s in net position is positive in both the statement but in govt.-wide statement it is much higher as the revenue is higher as compared to the statement of revenues, expenditures and changes in fund balances in the governmental funds. Here we need to provide an understandable explanation of the results of operations of this government from the perspective of both the operating statement. In the statement of revenues, expenditures and changes in fund balances in the governmental funds they govt. has shown the revenues those are mentioned above and expenditures and other financing sources comprising of both cash inflow and outflow. The fund balance in June 30 is $ 637944 thousands and fund balance at 1st July is $ 512359 thousands. Thus the net change in fund balances as per the statement of revenues, expenditures and changes in fund balances in the governmental funds is $ 125585 thousands. In case of the government-wide statement of activities, the govt. has shown the revenues those

Examine the extent to which Aneurin Bevan succeeded in overcoming the Essay

Examine the extent to which Aneurin Bevan succeeded in overcoming the obstacles which he encountered in achieving his vision for a national health service in th - Essay Example However, the NHS as an institution for providing better health services, despite all its constraints, became hugely popular with doctors and patients. Today it forms an integral part of British health and medical services. This, from a long term perspective, may be seen as Bevan’s lasting contribution to his country, and affords him an important place in the annals of its public health system. In the British post war general election Labour secured a thumping majority. This enabled the government to commence the implementation of the promises made to the British electorate in their party Election Manifesto; these promises, among others, included improved housing facilities and reforms in industry, education and health. In the sphere of health services, the Manifesto had stated that â€Å"(these facilities) should be available free for all. Money must no longer be the passport to the best treatment.† (Labour Party Manifesto 1945) It was Aneurin Bevan, (1897-1960) the Health Minister in premier Clement Atlee’s cabinet who was charged with the main responsibility of implementing the Labour Party vision. The task was tough, despite the party’s majority in the government, and there were several obstacles in the implementation of this plan. Bevan himself was clear about the goal to be achieved for the British Health System: simply put, none should be denied medical help and treatment on the grounds that he/she couldn’t afford to pay for it. He brooked no dilution of this ideal, and took a non-compromising stand on it. (Remember his famous one-liner that those who favoured the middle of the road, only got run over?) When Bevan articulated his vision, Britain already had a National Health Insurance Act1 But Bevan highlighted its inadequacies, pointing out that The National Health Insurance System provided medical care only for 21 million persons, while

Long Term Impact of Parental Divorce Essay Example for Free

Long Term Impact of Parental Divorce Essay This is an interesting study about how divorce can affect adulthood. At the age of sixteen, all students from one town completed a questionnaire. All the students were given a follow up questionnaire at thirty two years of age. Coming from a divorced family affects women more than men. This could be because of the close relationship between mother and daughter. Several studies have showed that parental divorce increases the risk of divorce for offspring. Children that have divorced parents have a lower self-esteem than those who do not. Divorce negatively affects children in the personal and social development in adolescence, which reduces the quality of intimate relationships in adulthood. The reason the quality of intimate relationships are lowered, is because parent-child relationships have been found to play an important role in perceptions of social support in adulthood. Many women have big issues with the trust factor that needs to accompany an intimate relationship. Women are less likely to get married, and the women that do marry are more likely to get divorced. This does not affect boys as much because boys do not need the parent-child relationship as much as girls. If doing a research paper on the topic of social development in adulthood, this would be a good article to get information. The article is a peer reviewed journal, making it a reliable source. The study was also done over a long period of time. It is important for other to see how divorce parents could be having an effect on their social development as an adult. Many women may not see the significant coming from divorced parents maybe affecting their relationships in adulthood. This journal along with other could only give a better look into problems in social development in adulthood.

Report on rituximab as a biologic

Report on rituximab as a biologic Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that has been one of the most prevalent biologics on the market, and has made some very significant sales over the last few years. It was originally designed in 1986 by IDEC pharmaceuticals. The drug is now being marketed under the brand names Rituxin and MabThera, dependant on the region. The antibody is chimeric in nature and is comprised of murine and human regions. It contains heavy and light variable regions of a murine origin and constant heavy and light regions of human origins meaning the Fc domain is of human origins, and so can invoke Fc receptor binding (see figure 1). The antibody is produced artificially and the gene construct of the murine and human domains are engineered and inserted into vectors, and then expressed in mammalian cells line. The mammalian cell line of choice for this specific drug is the Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO cells); these provided the corrected folded drug in sufficient quantities. The use of the mammalian cell line ensured that firstly the antibodies had the correct codon usage, glycosylation, amino acids and folding, as these are mammalian cells so are able to carry out these tasks to closer specification as human cells. http://www.nature.com/onc/journal/v22/n47/images/1206939f1.jpg Figure 1: representation of the rituximab antibody. Taken from http://www.nature.com/onc/journal/v22/n47/fig_tab/1206939f1.html The filtrate from the suspension had to be purified to obtain the rituximab that will be used for clinical applications. There are two methods used to perform this task. First of all Ion-exchange chromatography, this method allows the removal to toxic products, cell mass, some viruses and unimportant protein products. The second step of purification that is used is affinity chromatography; affinity chromatography is then used to remove the specific antibody with high resolution and specificity. As a mammalian cell line was used for the expression there is a slight chance that possible viruses can pass through the purification process and be found in the final product, so a few processes were introduced to remove these possible contaminants. The media was autoclaved and human transferrin was removed, the ion exchange chromatography also helps remove some retroviruses. The drug reaches a purity of around 99%, and has a shelf stability of 2 years. The FDA originally approved Rituximab in 1997 for use against B-Cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that had become resistant to all other forms of treatment (chemotherapy). Since its approval for use against lymphoma, it has been approved and is used off label for use against other diseases. It is seen to have an efficacy against autoimmune (AI) diseases, transplant rejection treatment and severe ulcerative colitis. Rituximab is known as an anti-CD20 antibody, meaning that it acts on and binds to the CD20 molecule. CD20 molecules are found in large amount on the surface of activated B-cells. The reason for targeting these cells is that the activated B-cells are generally the ones that are causing the problems in the disease discussed earlier. However, CD20 is also expressed, in smaller amounts, on most other B-cells so there is a certain amount of collateral damage to the immune system, which in some cases has led to an increase risk of catching serious infections. CD20 is a very weird antigen, it has no known natural ligand and its function is still very much unknown, opinions are that it helps maintain calcium concentrations across the membrane. After being binding to the CD20 at amino acid positions 170-13 and 183-183, it is seen to halt the cell cycle and induce apoptosis. There are two methods that carry out this apoptotic response, the first being the indirect killing of the cell. This involves a mechanism called anti-body dependant cell cytoxicity (ADCC). ADCC is mechanism where one the FAB part of the antibody has bound to the receptor on the surface the Fc domain changes formation and can now bind to an FC receptor. Fc receptors are found on other cells within the immune system, such as NK cells, the binding of the FC domain to one of these cells induces a killing response from the activated immune cell recruited. The Fc domain also has the ability to activate complement, so the biding of specific blood proteases, induces lysis of the cell. There is also a less well-understood mechanism that rituximab uses to kill activated B cells. This is by directly inducing apoptosis upon binding, why this occurs is not fully unde rstood, from studies it can be seen that the binding of rituximab to the CD20 causes a down regulation of MHC, a down regulation of the B-cell receptor and flux down pathways that induce apoptosis. In a recent study it can be seen that 50% increase of 30%. So that is a huge increase in the amount of patients who were currently unresponsive to available treatments. As can be seen from these results the introduction of rituximab was a real breakthrough in the field, and provided a method of treatment for those people who had no other option. As motioned earlier the drug is frequently used off label by clinicians. Rituximab has been seen to have very promising result when used to treat MS and some other AI diseases. There have also been recent developments into the treatment of severe ulcerative colitis, and rituximab is currently in phase III trials for use against ulcerative colitis where existing treatments are currently not effective. Rituximab was and is still a huge commercial success; grossing $5.68 billion in 2009 (a 9% increase on the previous year) it was one of the best selling biologics. With all the possible applications of this drug it does mean that there is still a commercial future for the drug. Rituximab is currently being marketed by Roche, Biogen and other companies have exclusivity for marketing in Japan, China and India This can be seen with how often clinicians use the drug off label to treat diseases that the FDA didnt originally approve it for. The shear wide-ranging applications of the drug are one of the main reasons for its commercial success. The drug was also a huge boost to the clinicians tools to fight against diseases which had become resistant or unresponsive to the existing gold standards, such as in B cell lymphoma and RA as discussed above. There is also still future prospects for this drug with phase III trials currently underway for the use of the drug against severe ulcerative c olitis and possible uses in replaced rejection treatment plans, so it seems that this drug is likely to be a block buster for some time to come.

Rewritten Pyramus and Thisbe Myth :: essays research papers

Pyramus was the cute boy next door, and Thisbe the prettiest girl in the entire neighborhood. They lived right next door to each other. Their parents were in a dispute over rent money; Thisbe’s father was the manager of the apartments and Pyramus’s parents had been late on their payments for a few months now. The kids were not allowed to talk or to see each other. One thing, however, they could not forbid- their young and carefree love that pound in each others hearts. They conversed by signs and glances, and the fire burned more intensely for being covered up. In the wall that parted the two apartments there was a crack, caused by the buildings old structure. No one had observed it before, but the lovers discovered it. What love can discover. As they stood, Pyramus on one side, Thisbe on the other, they would whisper to each other innocent non-sense. "Damn this freaking wall," they said, "Why do you keep us apart?† Such words they uttered on different sides of the wall; and when the night came and they must say goodnight, they would tell the other of how they are kissing the wall and imagining it was other. Next morning, when the sun had resin above the tallest skyscraper, and the city filled with busy noise and smog, they unveiled their plan to see each other. They had agreed to sneak out at night, they would wait till the routine police car had passed their block, and then each would run and meet at the old winery and wait till the other arrived. All was agreed on, and they waited impatiently for the sun to go down b eneath the buildings and night to rise up from them. Then cautiously Thisbe opened her back window- unsuspected by her parents, put a white scarf around her, waited for the police car to pass and escaped. As she sat alone in the dim light under one of the old street lights, she saw a drunk old man approaching her. With a thirst in his eyes Thisbe fled the sight, and sought refuge in the back alleys of the streets. As she fled she dropped her scarf. The drunken old man was hurt and was going to ask Thisbe for some help but just found a scarf on the ground and wiped his wound with it. Pyramus, late only because he had stopped at a local gas station to get some snacks for his dear love, finally arrived at the old winery.

Chillers

A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. A vapor-compression water chiller comprises the 4 major components of the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle (compressor, evaporator, condenser, and some form of metering device). These machines can implement a variety of refrigerants. Adsorption chillers use municipal water as the refrigerant and benign silica gel as the desiccant. Absorption chillers utilize water as the refrigerant and rely on the strong affinity between the water and a lithium bromide solution to achieve a refrigeration effect. Most often, pure water is chilled, but this water may also contain a percentage of glycol and/or corrosion inhibitors; other fluids such as thin oils can be chilled as well. Contents [hide] 1 Use in air conditioning 2 Use in industry 3 Vapor-Compression Chiller Technology 4 How Adsorption Technology Works 5 How Absorption Technology Works 5. 1 Industrial chiller technology Industrial chiller selection 7 Refrigerants 8 See also 9 References 10 External links [edit] Use in air conditioning In air conditioning systems, chilled water is typically distributed to heat exchangers, or coils, in air handling units, or other type of terminal devices which cool the air in its respective space(s), and then the chilled water is re-circulated back to the chiller to be cooled again. These cooling coils transfer sensible heat and lat ent heat from the air to the chilled water, thus cooling and usually dehumidifying the air stream. A typical chiller for air conditioning applications is rated between 15 to 1500 tons (180,000 to 18,000,000 BTU/h or 53 to 5,300 kW) in cooling capacity. Chilled water temperatures can range from 35 to 45 degrees Fahrenheit or 1. 5 to 7 degrees Celsius, depending upon application requirements. [1] [2] [edit] Use in industry In industrial application, chilled water or other liquid from the chiller is pumped through process or laboratory equipment. Industrial chillers are used for controlled cooling of products, mechanisms and factory machinery in a wide range of industries. They are often used in the plastic industry in injection and blow molding, metal working cutting oils, welding equipment, die-casting and machine tooling, chemical processing, pharmaceutical formulation, food and beverage processing, paper and cement processing, vacuum systems, X-ray diffraction, power supplies and power generation stations, analytical equipment, semiconductors, compressed air and gas cooling. They are also used to cool high-heat specialized items such as MRI machines and lasers, and in hospitals, hotels and campuses. The chillers for industrial applications can be centralized, where each chiller serves multiple cooling needs, or decentralized where each application or machine has its own chiller. Each approach has its advantages. It is also possible to have a combination of both central and decentral chillers, especially if the cooling requirements are the same for some applications or points of use, but not all. Decentral chillers are usually small in size (cooling capacity), usually from 0. 2 tons to 10 tons. Central chillers generally have capacities ranging from ten tons to hundreds or thousands of tons. Chilled water is used to cool and dehumidify air in mid- to large-size commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII) facilities. Water chillers can be either water cooled, air-cooled, or evaporatively cooled. Water-cooled chillers incorporate the use of cooling towers which improve the chillers' thermodynamic effectiveness as compared to air-cooled chillers. This is due to heat rejection at or near the air's wet-bulb temperature rather than the higher, sometimes much higher, dry-bulb temperature. Evaporatively cooled chillers offer efficiencies better than air cooled, but lower than water cooled. Water cooled chillers are typically intended for indoor installation and operation, and are cooled by a separate condenser water loop and connected to outdoor cooling towers to expel heat to the atmosphere. Air Cooled and Evaporatively Cooled chillers are intended for outdoor installation and operation. Air cooled machines are directly cooled by ambient air being mechanically circulated directly through the machine's condenser coil to expel heat to the atmosphere. Evaporatively cooled machines are similar, except they implement a mist of water over the condenser coil to aid in condenser cooling, making the machine more efficient than a traditional air cooled machine. No remote cooling tower is typically required with either of these types of packaged air cooled or evaporatively cooled chillers. Where available, cold water readily available in nearby water bodies might be used directly for cooling, or to replace or supplement cooling towers. The Deep Lake Water Cooling System in Toronto, Canada, is an example. It dispensed with the need for cooling towers, with a significant cut in carbon emissions and energy consumption. It uses cold lake water to cool the chillers, which in turn are used to cool city buildings via a district cooling system. The return water is used to warm the city's drinking water supply which is desirable in this cold climate. Whenever a chiller's heat rejection can be used for a productive purpose, in addition to the cooling function, very high thermal effectivenesses are possible. [edit] Vapor-Compression Chiller Technology There are basically four different types of compressors used in vapor compression chillers: Reciprocating compression, scroll compression, screw-driven compression, and centrifugal compression are all mechanical machines that can be powered by electric motors, steam, or gas turbines. They produce their cooling effect via the â€Å"reverse-Rankine† cycle, also known as ‘vapor-compression'. With evaporative cooling heat rejection, their coefficients-of-performance (COPs) are very high and typically 4. 0 or more. In recent years, application of Variable Speed Drive (VSD) technology has increased efficiencies of vapor compression chillers. The first VSD was applied to centrifugal compressor chillers in the late 1970s and has become the norm as the cost of energy has increased. Now, VSDs are being applied to rotary screw and scroll technology compressors. [edit] How Adsorption Technology Works Adsorption chillers are driven by hot water. This hot water may come from any number of industrial sources including waste heat from industrial processes, prime heat from solar thermal installations or from the exhaust or water jacket heat of a piston engine or turbine. The principle of adsorption is based on the interaction of gases and solids. With adsorption chilling, the molecular interaction between the solid and the gas allow the gas to be adsorbed into the solid. The adsorption chamber of the chiller is filled with solid material, silica gel, eliminating the need for moving parts and eliminating the noise associated with those moving parts. The silica gel creates an extremely low humidity condition that causes the water refrigerant to evaporate at a low temperature. As the water evaporates in the evaporator, it cools the chilled water. The use of a benign silica gel desiccant keeps the maintenance costs and operating costs of adsorption chillers low. edit] How Absorption Technology Works Absorption chillers' thermodynamic cycle are driven by heat source; this heat is usually delivered to the chiller via steam, hot water, or combustion. Compared to electrically powered chillers, they have very low electrical power requirements – very rarely above 15 kW combined consumption for both the solution pump and the refr igerant pump. However, their heat input requirements are large, and their COPs are often 0. 5 (single-effect) to 1. 0 (double-effect). For the same tonnage capacity, they require much larger cooling towers than vapor-compression chillers. However, absorption chillers, from an energy-efficiency point-of-view, excel where cheap, high grade heat or waste heat is readily available. In extremely sunny climates, solar energy has been used to operate absorption chillers. The single effect absorption cycle uses water as the refrigerant and lithium bromide as the absorbent. It is the strong affinity that these two substances have for one another that makes the cycle work. The entire process occurs in almost a complete vacuum. 1. Solution Pump – A dilute lithium bromide solution is collected in the bottom of the absorber shell. From here, a hermetic solution pump moves the solution through a shell and tube heat exchanger for preheating. 2. Generator – After exiting the heat exchanger, the dilute solution moves into the upper shell. The solution surrounds a bundle of tubes which carries either steam or hot water. The steam or hot water transfers heat into the pool of dilute lithium bromide solution. The solution boils, sending refrigerant vapor upward into the condenser and leaving behind concentrated lithium bromide. The concentrated lithium bromide solution moves down to the heat exchanger, where it is cooled by the weak solution being pumped up to the generator. . Condenser – The refrigerant vapor migrates through mist eliminators to the condenser tube bundle. The refrigerant vapor condenses on the tubes. The heat is removed by the cooling water which moves through the inside of the tubes. As the refrigerant condenses, it collects in a trough at the bottom of the condenser. 4. Evaporator â⠂¬â€œ The refrigerant liquid moves from the condenser in the upper shell down to the evaporator in the lower shell and is sprayed over the evaporator tube bundle. Due to the extreme vacuum of the lower shell [6 mm Hg (0. kPa) absolute pressure], the refrigerant liquid boils at approximately 39 °F (3. 9 °C), creating the refrigerant effect. (This vacuum is created by hygroscopic action – the strong affinity lithium bromide has for water – in the Absorber directly below. ) 5. Absorber – As the refrigerant vapor migrates to the absorber from the evaporator, the strong lithium bromide solution from the generator is sprayed over the top of the absorber tube bundle. The strong lithium bromide solution actually pulls the refrigerant vapor into solution, creating the extreme vacuum in the evaporator. The absorption of the refrigerant vapor into the lithium bromide solution also generates heat which is removed by the cooling water. The now dilute lithium bromide solution collects in the bottom of the lower shell, where it flows down to the solution pump. The chilling cycle is now completed and the process begins once again. [edit] Industrial chiller technology Industrial chillers typically come as complete packaged closed-loop systems, including the chiller unit, condenser, and pump station with recirculating pump, expansion valve, no-flow shutdown, internal cold water tank, and temperature control. The internal tank helps maintain cold water temperature and prevents temperature spikes from occurring. Closed loop industrial chillers recirculate a clean coolant or clean water with condition addititives at a constant temperature and pressure to increase the stability and reproducibility of water-cooled machines and instruments. The water flows from the chiller to the application's point of use and back. If the water temperature differentials between inlet and outlet are high, then a large external water tank would be used to store the cold water. In this case the chilled water is not going directly from the chiller to the application, but goes to the external water tank which acts as a sort of â€Å"temperature buffer. † The cold water tank is much larger than the internal water tank. The cold water goes from the external tank to the application and the return hot water from the application goes back to the external tank, not to the chiller. The less common open loop industrial chillers control the temperature of a liquid in an open tank or sump by constantly recirculating it. The liquid is drawn from the tank, pumped through the chiller and back to the tank. An adjustable thermostat senses the makeup liquid temperature, cycling the chiller to maintain a constant temperature in the tank. One of the newer developments in industrial water chillers is the use of water cooling instead of air cooling. In this case the condenser does not cool the hot refrigerant with ambient air, but uses water cooled by a cooling tower. This development allows a reduction in energy requirements by more than 15% and also allows a significant reduction in the size of the chiller due to the small surface area of the water based condenser and the absence of fans. Additionally, the absence of fans allows for significantly reduced noise levels. Most industrial chillers use refrigeration as the media for cooling, but some rely on simpler techniques such as air or water flowing over coils containing the coolant to regulate temperature. Water is the most commonly used coolant within process chillers, although coolant mixtures (mostly water with a coolant additive to enhance heat dissipation) are frequently employed. [edit] Industrial chiller selection Important specifications to consider when searching for industrial chillers include the total life cycle cost, the power source, chiller IP rating, chiller cooling capacity, evaporator capacity, evaporator material, evaporator type, condenser material, condenser capacity, ambient temperature, motor fan type, noise level, internal piping materials, number of compressors, type of compressor, number of fridge circuits, coolant requirements, fluid discharge temperature, and COP (the ratio between the cooling capacity in RT to the energy consumed by the whole chiller in KW). For medium to large chillers this should range from 3. 5-7. 0 with higher values meaning higher efficiency. Chiller efficiency is often specified in kilowatts per refrigeration ton (kW/RT). Process pump specifications that are important to consider include the process flow, process pressure, pump material, elastomer and mechanical shaft seal material, motor voltage, motor electrical class, motor IP rating and pump rating. If the cold water temperature is lower than -5 °C, then a special pump needs to be used to be able to pump the high concentrations of ethylene glycol. Other important specifications include the internal water tank size and materials and full load amperage. Control panel features that should be considered when selecting between industrial chillers include the local control panel, remote control panel, fault indicators, temperature indicators, and pressure indicators. Additional features include emergency alarms, hot gas bypass, city water switchover, and casters. [edit] Refrigerants A vapor-compression chiller uses a refrigerant internally as its working fluid. Many refrigerants options are available; when selecting a chiller, the application cooling temperature requirements and refrigerant's cooling characteristics need to be matched. Important parameters to consider are the operating temperatures and pressures. There are several environmental factors that concern refrigerants, and also affect the future availability for chiller applications. This is a key consideration in intermittent applications where a large chiller may last for 25 years or more. Ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP) of the refrigerant need to be considered. ODP and GWP data for some of the more common vapor-compression refrigerants: Refrigerant ODP GWP R-134a 0 1300 R-123 0. 012 120 R-22 0. 05 1700 R401a 0. 027 970 R404a 0 3260 R407a 0 R407c 0 1525 R408a 0. 016 3020 R409a 0. 039 1290 R410a 0 1725 R500 0. 7 R502 0. 18 5600 [edit] See also HVAC Cooling tower Evaporative cooling Chemical engineering Mechanical engineering Architectural engineering Building services engineering [edit] References ^ American Society of Heating and Refrigeration Enginneers http://www. ashrae. org/publications/page/158 ^ Hydronika supplies 5 ton chiller units http://hydronika. com

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